Closest to Jupiter (inward of the Galilean moons) are the four small moons:
Metis ( “MEE tis” ) is the innermost of Jupiter’s known satellites:
orbit: 128,000 km from Jupiter diameter: 40 km mass: 9.56e16 kg
Metis was a Titaness who was the first wife of Zeus (Jupiter).
Discovered by Synnott in 1979 (Voyager 1).
Metis and Adrastea lie within Jupiter’s main ring. They may be the source of the material comprising the ring.
Small satellites within a planet’s rings are sometimes called “mooms“.
More about Metis
- Galileo “family portrait” of Jupiter’s 4 inner moons
- HST image of Metis and Jupiter’s ring
- more images of the inner moons from Galileo
Adrastea (“a DRAS tee uh”) is the second of Jupiter’s known satellites:
orbit: 129,000 km from Jupiter diameter: 20 km (23 x 20 x 15) mass: 1.91e16 kg
Adrastea, the distributor of rewards and punishments, was the daughter of Jupiter and Ananke.
Discovered by graduate student David Jewitt (working under Danielson) in 1979 (Voyager 1).
Metis and Adrastea orbit inside the synchronous orbit radius and inside the Roche limit. They may be small enough to avoid tidal disruption but their orbits will eventually decay.
Adrastea is one of the smallest moons in the solar system.
More about Adrastea
- streaks of Adrastea and a star 36k gif
- from LANL
- Galileo “family portrait” of Jupiter’s 4 inner moons
Amalthea (“am al THEE uh”) is the third of Jupiter’s known satellites:
orbit: 181,300 km from Jupiter diameter: 189 km (270 x 166 x 150) mass: 3.5e18 kg ?
Amalthea was the nymph who nursed the infant Jupiter with goat’s milk.
Discovered by Barnard 1892 September 9 using the 36 inch (91 cm) refractor at Lick Observatory. Amalthea was the last moon to be discovered by direct visual observation (as opposed to photography).
Amalthea and Himalia are Jupiter’s fifth and sixth largest moons; they are about the same size but only 1/15 the size of next larger one, Europa.
Like most of Jupiter’s moons, Amalthea rotates synchronously; its long axis is pointed toward Jupiter.
Amalthea is the reddest object in the solar system. The reddish color is apparently due to sulfur originating from Io.
Earlier, it was thought that its size and irregular shape should imply that Amalthea is a fairly strong, rigid body. But measurements of it’s mass made during Galileo’s last orbit indicate otherwise. It now appears that Amalthea’s density is only about the same as water and since it is unlikely to be composed of ice it is most likely a loose “rubble pile” with a lot of empty spaces.
Like Io, Amalthea radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun (probably due to the electrical currents induced by Jupiter’s magnetic field).
More about Amalthea
- Map of Amalthea 75k gif
- from LANL
- Amalthea Fact Sheet from JPL
- Galileo’s first image of Amalthea
- more Galileo images
- Galileo “family portrait” of Jupiter’s 4 inner moons
- bright streak “Ida” as seen by Galileo
- Mass measurement press release
- press release about Amalthea’s low density and planet formation theories
Thebe (“THEE bee”) is the fourth of Jupiter’s known satellites:
orbit: 222,000 km from Jupiter diameter: 100 km (100 x 90) mass: 7.77e17 kg
Thebe was a nymph, daughter of the river god Asopus.
Discovered by Synnott in 1979 (Voyager 1).The image above shows Thebe’s leading side which has three or four large (compared to Thebe’s size) craters. The image at left shows the trailing side.
More about Thebe
- Discovery image (Thebe’s shadow) 57k gif
- Galileo images
- from LANL
- Galileo “family portrait” of Jupiter’s 4 inner moons
Open Issues
- What role do these moons play in maintaining Jupiter’s rings?
- We know next to nothing about these moons. Even the basic mass and size data are not very accurate.
- Where does Amalthea’s extra heat come from? Tidal stress?